Reflection of Light: Mirrors and Image Formation Light, a form of energy traveling in straight lines, reflects when it strikes smooth surfaces like mirrors. Reflection follows the law where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Plane mirrors create virtual images that are laterally reversed but maintain size without magnification. Spherical mirrors—convex with outward curves and concave with inward curves—form images based on object placement relative to their focal points.
Spherical Mirror Properties and Ray Diagrams Key terms for spherical mirror analysis include pole (P), center/radius of curvature (C/R), principal axis, focus (F), aperture, and focal length relationship as R = 2F. Concave/convex mirror image formation varies by object position; real or virtual nature depends on light ray convergence/divergence at F or beyond C/F intersections along P-axis using specific ray rules.
Refraction Phenomena Through Media Changes Refraction alters light's direction due to speed changes between media like air/water/glass following Snell’s Law: sin(i)/sin(r) = constant refractive index ratio n21=n1/n2 defines medium-specific bending effects seen in everyday phenomena such as bent straws/lemon distortions under water layers emphasizing non-uniform directional travel across transparent boundaries obeying emergent parallelism principles within rectangular slabs setups ensuring consistent incident/refracted/emerged angles alignment planes adherence laws governing optical behaviors transitions interfaces interactions dynamics observations practical implications applications scenarios contexts situations environments settings conditions circumstances instances cases examples illustrations demonstrations representations portrayals depictions descriptions explanations clarifications elaborations expansions extensions augmentations enhancements refinements improvements 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