Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, at its peak, spanned from Europe to North Africa and was known for both military prowess and cultural achievements. Founded by Osman in the 14th century amidst threats from Mongol hordes and a weakened Byzantine Empire, it rapidly expanded through strategic warfare. Osman's leadership style fostered loyalty among his troops as he shared war spoils generously.
Exploiting Opportunities for Expansion Osman’s tactical brilliance allowed him to exploit natural disasters that disrupted Byzantine defenses. His raids were motivated not only by religious fervor but also practical gains such as wealth captured during battles against Byzantines who had suffered significant losses since the Fourth Crusade.
Urbanization Under Orhan Under Orhan's rule after Osman's death in 1324, the Ottomans transitioned into urban governance while maintaining their military campaigns. He established Bursa as a capital city where they learned architectural skills essential for administration and trade control over newly acquired territories.
Strategic Alliances Fueling Growth Orhan forged alliances with neighboring powers like Emperor John Cantacuzene of Byzantium which facilitated further territorial expansion into Europe via strategic marriages and support during civil conflicts within rival states.