The Foundations of Classical Physics Physics encompasses a vast range of topics from galaxies to subatomic particles. It can be divided into three main parts: Classical Physics, Quantum Physics, and Relativity. Isaac Newton's laws describe motion and universal gravitation, linking celestial movements with earthly phenomena through calculus—a crucial mathematical tool in physics. Optics explores light behavior while electromagnetism unifies electricity and magnetism under Maxwell’s equations.
Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Relativity Classical mechanics covers solid objects' properties but struggles with fluid dynamics leading to chaos theory which describes complex systems’ unpredictability due to initial conditions variations. Thermodynamics deals with energy transformations including entropy as an order-disorder measure fundamental across all physics domains by 1900s understanding was deterministic yet incomplete anomalies like Mercury's orbit led Einstein towards special/general relativity merging space-time fabric predicting gravity via spacetime curvature.
Modern Challenges: Unifying Theories & Cosmic Mysteries Quantum physics delves into atomic structures evolving models explaining electron behaviors condensed matter yielding technologies such as computers/lasers nuclear fission/fusion particle discoveries within standard model quantum field theory integrating relativity excluding gravity creating knowledge gaps physicists aim bridging via theories e.g., string or loop quantum addressing dark energy/matter mysteries comprising majority universe alongside philosophical inquiries about reality existence free will scientific truth pursuit despite uncertainties motivating continuous exploration efforts.