CSS Tutorial - Zero to Hero (Complete Course)

Welcome to the CSS zero to hero course, where you will learn how to use CSS from the ground up. The course covers every major concept in depth and provides motivation for learning by showcasing achievements such as website styling, code writing, and a final challenge.

Course Overview and Motivation The course covers website styling techniques, including grids, colors, gradients, custom fonts, and backgrounds. It also includes a challenge to style a responsive website with layout features and animations.

Prerequisites for the Course The prerequisites include HTML skills. The section structure consists of interactive video lectures followed by multiple-choice quizzes to test understanding.

Introduction to CSS Language This section introduces CSS theory and practical application through selectors, properties, color types (e.g., RGB), text formatting (fonts size bolding), fundamental concepts related to layout design using Flexbox or Grids.

'Animations & Transitions' Section Highlights 'Animations & Transitions' section focuses on creating smooth transitions using pseudo-selectors as well as manipulating animations from scratch using CSS. The final exam tests knowledge across all sections followed by a practical challenge in which participants style an HTML document without any existing styles based on given requirements.

Encourages taking a 10-question quiz to test skills and diagnose areas of weakness. Emphasizes the importance of active learning, practical application, and experience in programming development.

Introduction to CSS This section introduces the actual CSS language, covering theory behind it, its usage, and creating/linking a CSS document to a page. It also explains selectors and properties in depth.

Selectors and Properties Covers important concepts of selectors and properties in CSS along with different types of selectors for various situations.

Using Colors in CSS Explains how to use colors by learning about color types (e.g., RGB) on computers and applying them using CSS to backgrounds, text, etc.

Text Styling with Fonts 'Mainly focuses on changing font styles including size, bolding as well as other text styling options.'

Introduction to CSS CSS is used to change the style and layout of a web page, including moving items around and resizing them. Flexbox is an alternate way to manipulate the layout in CSS, commonly used for responsive layouts. The theory behind Flexbox will be covered along with its real-life applications.

Grid Layouts vs. Flexbox The grid layout is another alternative to normal CSS layout features, similar but with differences from flexbox. This section provides a comprehensive overview of how grid works and compares it to flexbox, helping users decide which one suits their needs.

Animations and Transitions This section focuses on modernizing websites by exploring animations and transitions using pseudo-selectors in CSS. It covers creating smooth transitions as well as manipulating them through custom animations created from scratch.

Final Exam & Challenge 'Summarizes everything' - Includes a 30-question final exam covering all topics followed by a diagnostic challenge that tests your understanding of CSS concepts without any real consequences for failure.

Practical Approach to Creating & Linking CSS Stylesheet Creating and linking a CSS stylesheet practically involves styling a website from scratch based on given tasks. The solution video provides guidance, but creativity is encouraged to unleash creative freedom through CSS skills.

Introduction to Required Software The course introduces the software required for web development, emphasizing the use of Sublime Text as an efficient text editor with color coding and formatting features. It recommends downloading Sublime Text from its website for an enhanced development experience.

To access the project files for this course, visit the GitHub repository created for all the content. The repository contains a history of every lecture and allows you to review changes made in each state. You can also download the files from here.

The video introduces the software needed for the course, emphasizing the importance of a text editor like Sublime Text for coding. It also recommends accessing project files and resources from a GitHub repository to review lecture changes and download necessary files.

Introduction to CSS CSS is used to style websites and make them visually appealing. It works hand in hand with HTML, and together they are always used consistently. CSS can completely change the way a website looks if it's used correctly.

Creating and Linking a CSS Stylesheet Before starting with CSS properties, we need to create and link a CSS stylesheet. This step allows us to get started learning about the properties of CSS.

Creating and Linking a CSS Stylesheet Creating and linking a CSS stylesheet by using Sublime Text or any other text editor. The process involves creating a new file, saving it in the appropriate directory, and naming it with the .CSS extension. Organizing files into folders for better management is also recommended.

Testing Your CSS Stylesheet Testing the CSS stylesheet to ensure that it's working properly by adding an obvious property that changes how the website looks. Refreshing the page helps verify if the stylesheet is linked correctly.

HTML Boilerplate Creation Introduction to HTML boilerplate creation and linking within your website's head portion as part of preparing for using stylesheets effectively.

Creating a Link Tag Pseudoselectors allow creating link tags in Sublime Text by using the REL stylesheet, type, and href attributes. The href attribute contains the URL to the stylesheet file. Testing if the stylesheet works involves adding an obvious property that changes website appearance and then refreshing.

Testing CSS Stylesheet The process of testing a CSS stylesheet involves writing random properties to see if they change how the website looks. If it doesn't work, there might be an issue with linking. Refreshing after making changes helps determine if the styles are linked properly.

Understanding CSS Selectors CSS selectors are used to style elements on HTML documents by targeting them for styling purposes. There are three types of selectors: element selector (targets all elements with a specific tag name), class selector (styles specific items based on assigned classes), and id selector (similar to class but uses IDs). Each type has different purposes and is essential for applying styles effectively.

Introduction to Selectors Selectors in CSS include class and ID attributes, which are used to style specific elements. Classes are applied using the dot prefix, while IDs use the hash symbol. They allow for targeted styling of individual items such as subtitles or headers.

Using Class Attributes Classes can be applied to specific items for targeted styling. The class attribute is added to the opening tag of the target element without a prefix (dot). Once assigned, styles can be added by selecting the element with its class name and applying properties within brackets.

Differentiating Between Classes and IDs Classes and IDs have distinct purposes based on how they're used in HTML documents. While classes are commonly used selectors that allow flexible application across multiple elements, IDs provide unique identification for single elements through their prefixed naming convention using a hash symbol (#).

Applying Styles Using Selectors 'Element' selectors or inline styles may not effectively target specific items when there are multiple instances on a page. Instead, utilizing classes or ids allows precise targeting of individual elements for customized styling without affecting other similar elements.

Understanding Selectors in CSS The video explains the concept of specificity in CSS, which determines how selectors override or rewrite properties. It demonstrates conflicts between element and class selectors, showing that more specific selectors have higher priority.

Power Hierarchy of Selectors It discusses the hierarchy of selector power: element < class < ID < inline styling. Each type is demonstrated to overwrite less powerful ones when there are conflicting styles applied to an HTML element.

Usage Differences Between Classes and IDs Explains that classes are meant for multiple uses while IDs should be used for a single unique element. Provides examples illustrating when to use classes (for multiple elements) and IDs (for a single unique element).

Difference Between Classes and IDs in CSS The main difference between classes and IDs is that classes can be used multiple times, while IDs are supposed to be used only once. In CSS, the order of specificity from least to most powerful is: element selectors < class selectors < ID selectors < inline styling (style attribute). Understanding this order helps predict which styles will be followed.

Pseudo-selectors in CSS allow for special styling of elements based on their state or position. They provide a way to style elements dynamically without needing additional HTML markup.

Pseudo Selectors in CSS Pseudo selectors are a special type of selector commonly used for interactivity on websites. They are visible only when something is done on the website and are widely used throughout CSS, especially in animations and transitions.

First Child and Last Child Selectors The first child selector targets the first element inside its parent, while the last child selector targets the last element. This relationship between child and parent elements allows us to specify which one we want to select using pseudo selectors.

nth-child Selector 'nth-child' selects every nth occurrence of an element within its parent. For example, it can be used to style every second 'li' element with a specific color throughout the page.

Styling Child Elements The video explains how to use CSS selectors like :nth-child and :only-child to style specific child elements of a parent. It demonstrates selecting every second Li element and styling it with the color steel blue, as well as applying styles to an LI that is the only child of its parent.

Pseudo Selectors for Anchor Tags This section covers pseudo selectors for anchor tags in HTML, specifically focusing on the link pseudo selector which changes the appearance of unvisited links (blue) and visited links (red). The video also introduces using IDs in conjunction with pseudo selectors.

Advanced Selectors The video introduces advanced selectors, which are not commonly used but demonstrate the capabilities of CSS selectors. It covers basic and attribute selectors, explaining their setup and usage.

Adjacent Sibling Selector This selector targets every anchor tag that directly follows an h2 element. The example demonstrates how to set it up in CSS by using 'h2 + a' to apply styles specifically to this type of relationship between elements.

Advanced CSS Selectors The video discusses the general sibling combinator in CSS, which selects elements that go directly after one another and share the same parent. It demonstrates how to style a button followed by a text area when they have the same parent.

Introduction to Advanced Selectors This chapter introduces advanced selectors in CSS, explaining that they are not commonly used but demonstrate what can be done with these selectors. It mentions breaking down advanced selectors into two parts: basic advanced selectors and attribute selectors.

Styling Elements with Advanced Selectors Using the symbol '>' allows styling of elements that directly follow each other and share the same parent. This is different from using a '+' symbol, which styles elements that follow each other no matter where they are on the scale. The child selector targets every single child of a certain element, while considering specificity rules for styling.

Descendant Selector and Propagation The descendant selector selects all descendants of an element regardless of their direct or indirect relationship to it. It propagates up to a specified ancestor, allowing for cascading styles based on hierarchy within nested elements.

Opacity and Transparency Using the greater than symbol, Li elements inside a ul can be styled with specific colors based on their specificity. Advanced selectors like child selector and descendant selector are used to apply styles to direct children or any contained elements within a ul.

Descendant Selector The descendant selector allows styling of all nested elements within a ul, applying the styles to any element contained inside the ul regardless of its depth in the hierarchy. This is different from the child selector which only applies styles to direct children.

Understanding CSS Selectors Explaining the difference between direct child selector and descendant selector in CSS. Emphasizing the importance of understanding these selectors to avoid code errors.

Basic Advanced Selectors Introducing four main advanced selectors used in CSS: ID, class, element type, and universal. Encouraging practice with these selectors for better understanding.

Attribute Selectors in HTML & CSS Discussing attribute selectors as a way to select elements based on their attributes and values. Explaining how attribute selection works using examples from HTML tags like image source attributes.

Understanding Attribute Selectors in CSS Introduction to Types of Units. Explaining the concept of attribute selectors in CSS, including basic and advanced selectors such as whitespace attribute selector and general attribute selector with exceptions.

Importance of Learning Selectors Before Properties Properties in CSS. The importance of learning selectors before properties, and how properties are contained within selectors.

Understanding CSS Properties CSS properties define the way elements are styled. A selector targets an element, while properties give it its change and make it what it is. The value of a property acts as a guideline towards the change in the element.

Importance of Understanding CSS Structure The relationship between selectors and properties is crucial for understanding how to use CSS effectively. Learning this structure helps in comprehending how all CSS code should look and function.

Transitioning to Styling with CSS After covering different selectors and their functions, now we need to understand how selectors work together with properties. This transition prepares us for using CSS to style websites effectively.

Understanding CSS Selectors CSS selectors define the elements targeted on an HTML page. They can have different appearances and perform various functions, which we've covered in previous videos. The selector is followed by a CSS block enclosed in curly braces, containing all the styles that will be applied to the selected element.

Properties of a CSS Block The properties within a CSS block consist of name-value pairs separated by colons and semicolons. Multiple properties can be included inside the same block, allowing for concise and clean code without creating separate blocks for each style change.

Styling with Colors Coloring involves defining color attributes using pixels or other suitable values within property-value pairs inside a CSS block. This section marks our transition into actually styling our website to make it visually appealing.

Coloring Your Website The goal is to make the website look modern and appealing by learning different color techniques. There are three types of colors: CSS color codes or names, hex code, and RGB code. Each has its own use in web design.

CSS Color Codes CSS color codes provide a designated name for each color, making it easy for testing and quick fixes. However, they have limitations when it comes to specific detailed web design.

Hex Code vs RGB Code Hex code uses 16 possible combinations from 0-9 and A-F to represent red, green, and blue values while RGB code uses normal numbers ranging from 0-255 for the same purpose. Both methods can be used with a color picker tool for easier application in web design.

Using Google Fonts for External Fonts Learn how to include external fonts using Google Fonts and use them to style and color text on your website. Understand the importance of coloring in web design, its impact on user appeal, and the limitations of basic CSS color codes. Explore different types of colors including CSS color names, hex code, and RGB code.

Understanding Hex Code and RGB Code for Color Selection Explore the concept of hex code as a representation of red-green-blue (RGB) values in hexadecimal format. Learn about the 16 possible combinations in hex code representing colors from zero to maximum intensity. Understand how RGB codes differ from hex codes with their range from 0 to 255 for each primary color component.

Using External Fonts and Custom Colors The video discusses the use of external fonts and colors in web design. It emphasizes using a color picker to select custom colors for text and backgrounds, rather than relying on predefined CSS color codes like steel blue. The narrator recommends starting from scratch when adding classes to elements for styling.

Styling Website Elements In this chapter, the focus is on styling the website by adding classes to different elements such as titles, paragraphs, lists, links, inputs, and subtitles. The narrator explains how to style the header text with a specific color using CSS properties like 'color' and encourages experimenting with different colors for better visual appeal.

Styling Website with Custom Colors In this chapter, we learn to use selector skills and custom colors to style our website. We start by adding classes for the title, paragraph text, list items, links, and inputs. Then we experiment with different text colors using CSS properties like color.

Challenging Ourselves with Color Picker We challenge ourselves by choosing a deep orange color using our own color picker instead of predefined CSS color codes like steel blue. This allows us to implement unique colors for styling our website's elements.

Changing Content Size with RGB Codes To change the content size, simply copy and paste the hex or RGB code. Using an RGB color code allows for more flexibility in adjusting colors. By changing the proportions of red, green, and blue values in the color palette, you can create custom colors easily.

Styling Text Hierarchy with CSS Titles should have dark colors while subtitles should be slightly lighter to maintain a consistent color scheme hierarchy. Use a color picker to adjust text colors effectively and practice styling websites using different colors.

Creating Backgrounds with CSS In this chapter, we learn how to create backgrounds on a website using CSS. We explore the use of background properties and selectors, focusing on styling the entire page by selecting the body element. The video emphasizes practicing with background colors before delving into layout considerations.

Styling Backgrounds The focus here is on choosing suitable colors for backgrounds and applying them to elements. It explains how to select an appropriate color or image for the background, considering its visual impact and compatibility with other design elements.

Future Topics: Advanced Background Styling This section hints at upcoming topics related to advanced background styling techniques such as custom images or linking external images online. It sets expectations for learning more about changing different types of backgrounds in future videos.

Styling Backgrounds with Colors Selecting margin and padding for backgrounds, using RGB code or hex code to set background color. Adjusting the color shade by darkening the values proportionally. Introducing how to add a light blue background and dampen it for better appearance.

Using Images as Backgrounds Exploring an alternate way of creating backgrounds through images in CSS. Demonstrating how to link an image from the internet using its URL without downloading it, setting up a landscape image as the website's background, explaining local URLs usage instead of web URLs.

Using Functions in CSS Functions in CSS take inputs, process them, and give an output. For example, the URL function takes a link to set an image on a website.

Background Images and Colors URLs can be used for linking to local pictures or stylesheets. Background properties like background image and background color can be set using specific properties that work for specific values.

Adjusting Background Repeat 'background-repeat' property is used to control whether the background image repeats or not. Setting it to 'no-repeat' removes the repeating property of the background image.

Manipulating Background Size 'background-size' property allows altering the size of the background images based on requirements such as filling up containers or adjusting repetition effects.

Adjusting Background Size The background size property allows you to set the height and width of a background image. You can use pixel values or percentages, but it's difficult to get the exact dimensions using direct values. The 'cover' keyword resizes the image to fit the container without sacrificing quality, while 'contain' tries to resize without distorting proportions.

Background Properties Recommendation It is recommended not to use sizing options in pixels for backgrounds. Instead, consider using either the 'cover' or 'contain' keywords based on your needs and proportions as they are more useful than other properties.

Background Size Property The 'cover' and 'contain' keywords are used to resize background images. The 'cover' keyword stretches the image to cover the full width, sacrificing quality if necessary. On the other hand, the 'contain' keyword resizes as much as possible without distorting proportions.

RGB Colors with Alpha Component Adding an alpha component (a) to RGB colors allows manipulation of transparency in web design. By changing from RGB to RGBA, we can adjust the alpha value for a more customized color appearance.

Adding Transparency with Alpha Component The video explains how to add transparency or opacity to an RGB color by using the alpha component. The alpha value ranges from 0 (completely transparent) to 1 (fully visible), and it can be thought of in terms of percentages, with 0.5 representing 50%. Adding opacity allows for easier control over color appearance, especially when creating animations or changing colors.

Benefits of Using RGBA Colors This chapter discusses the benefits of using RGBA colors instead of simply RGB colors. It emphasizes that adding opacity through the alpha component provides greater flexibility in controlling a color's overall look without needing a color picker tool.

Understanding RGBA Color Adding opacity to an RGB color creates an RGBA color, where the 'a' stands for alpha or transparency. The alpha value ranges from 0 to 1 and determines the level of transparency, with 0 being fully transparent and 1 being completely visible. Gradients allow smooth transitions between colors by blending them together in different proportions.

Working with Gradients Gradients can be linear or radial. Linear gradients transition smoothly between two or more colors in a specified direction (top, bottom, left, right), while radial gradients move outward from a center point. Opacity can be used within gradients using RGBA values to create complex color transitions.

Understanding Gradients Gradients are a transition between colors, similar to mixing paint. They can be linear or radial, with the ability to define directions such as top, bottom, left and right. Multiple colors can be used in gradients for smooth transitions.

Creating Gradient Directions Linear gradients can have defined directions like 'to right' or 'to bottom', creating diagonal gradients by specifying corners like 'bottom right'. Opacity allows for gradual fading of colors within the gradient.

Working with Angles in CSS Learning to work with angles allows for precise control of the direction and positioning of gradients. By defining specific angles, you can achieve more accurate gradient endpoints compared to using words or predefined positions.

Linear Gradients Linear gradients enable direct control over where a gradient starts and ends by specifying an angle. This method provides greater specificity than using preset directions like 'to left' or 'to bottom right.' Additionally, linear gradients allow for setting the proportions of each color within the gradient.

Radial Gradients Unlike linear gradients, radial gradients do not rely on specified directions but instead focus on defining percentages or proportions of colors within the gradient. It's important to note that background size specifications such as cover won't work with radial gradients.

Advanced Radial Gradient Features In addition to specifying colors and their proportions, advanced features include changing shapes from ellipse (default) to circle and adjusting color distribution through percentage values. These features provide further customization options for creating unique radial gradient effects.

Creating Gradients with Flex Property The 'flex' Property do is start off very strong. We're going to have our main RGBA color, or RGB, whoops, our main color here. This will create a gradient starting from fully visible at the top and ending with a less visible color.

Customizing Gradient Colors You can specify multiple colors for gradients and adjust their proportions using percentages. The order of colors in the code determines their position in the gradient. Additionally, you can customize radial gradients by specifying different shapes.

CSS Gradient Shapes Item Alignment specifies the shape of a gradient, such as ellipse or circle. Changing to 'circle' creates a more circular shape. Gradients can be created using linear-gradient for different effects like stretch from top to bottom.

Types of Units in CSS Absolute units (e.g., pixels, centimeters) are fixed and not dependent on anything else. Relative units (e.g., percentage) depend on parent elements and are useful for responsive design.

Pixels are a special unit used for screen resolution, but their size varies based on the device's DPI. High-resolution devices display each pixel as multiple pixels, creating an absolute illusion. Although pixels are relative at their core, they function as absolute values when used.

Absolute Values in CSS In CSS, absolute values like pixels (px), points (pt), and picas (pc) are used to define fixed sizes. For example, 1 pc is equal to 12 points, showing the difference in size. These units provide specific measurements for elements.

Relative Values in CSS CSS also uses relative values such as percentage (%) and em units. Percentage represents a portion of its parent element's size while em represents a size relative to the standard font size. Additionally, view width and view height are used based on the viewport dimensions.

Understanding CSS Units The video discusses different types of units in CSS, including absolute and relative units. Absolute units are not affected by the environment, while relative units depend on something else, such as parent elements. The use of percentages is highlighted for responsive design.

Pixels: An Exceptional Unit Pixels are considered an absolute unit but can scale based on the device's resolution (DPI). On high-resolution devices, each pixel takes up multiple pixels to give an illusion of size consistency. Other less commonly used absolute values like centimeters and millimeters are mentioned.

Exploring Relative Values 'EM' represents size relative to the standard font size; 'VW' and 'VH' allow working with viewport dimensions easily by representing a percentage of total body width or height.'

Understanding Viewport Units Viewport units in CSS, such as vw and vh, are relative to the size of the viewport rather than parent elements. They allow for responsive design across different devices by scaling based on view width or height.

Relative vs Absolute Units Using relative units like em, percent, view width (vw), and view height (vh) is recommended over absolute units like pixels and centimeters. Relative units provide consistent scaling across devices while absolute values may look very different depending on the device used.

Practical Application of CSS Units While pixels and percent are commonly used in CSS layouts, other units such as em, vw, vh offer flexibility for responsive design. Understanding when to use each unit will be important for creating consistent designs across various devices.

Introduction to Text and Font Manipulation This chapter introduces the concept of text and font manipulation, highlighting the difference between them. It emphasizes that text manipulation focuses on properties like underlining and capitalization, which are independent of the font used. The chapter also mentions upcoming topics such as external fonts and weight/bolding.

Text Decoration and Text Transform Properties The focus here is on two CSS properties: text decoration (underline, line-through, overline) for modifying link styles; followed by an explanation of how to use 'text transform' property to capitalize all words in a paragraph without manually changing each word individually.

Text Manipulation Column & Row Lines are different. Text manipulation focuses on changing text regardless of the font, such as underlining and capitalization. Font-dependent properties include bolding and size.

Text Decoration and Text Transform The 'text-decoration' property changes the lining of text with options like underline, line-through, overline or none. The 'text-transform' property can capitalize all text without changing it manually by using values like uppercase, lowercase or capitalize.

Text Align Property 'text-align' aligns text left, right center or justifies it to create a uniform length for each line in a paragraph. Justify is commonly used in research papers to make the content look streamlined.

Text Manipulation Properties Grid Area allows you to capitalize text regardless of the font used and move lines around. Text align property in CSS includes left, right, center, and justify options for justifying or aligning text. Justify stretches out the text to match all lines to the same length.

Font Properties The video covers three font properties: font size (using em units for responsive design), font weight (boldness of the text), and font style (italicizing or normal).

Font Size and Responsive Design The font size property can be set using relative units like em or en to maintain consistency and responsiveness. Pixel values can also be used, but they may not provide the same level of consistency for different elements.

Understanding Font Weight Font weight determines the boldness of a text or font. Values range from 0 to infinity, with most fonts supporting up to 800 or 900. Different values represent varying levels of bolding, with conventions suggesting increments in hundreds from 100.

Italicizing Text Using Font Style Font style property allows italicizing text using 'italic' or 'oblique' values. Italicized text has a slight slant while oblique is more pronounced; however, these differences may not always be noticeable depending on the font being used.

Basic Concepts of Font Family 'Serif', 'sans-serif', and 'monospace' are three main font families that have distinct features such as small lines at the end of letters (serif), clean appearance (sans-serif), and equal character width (monospace). Each family represents a collection of fonts sharing similar characteristics.

Understanding Font Families Fonts are categorized into serif, sans serif, and monospace. Serif fonts have small lines at the end of some letters and are commonly used in printed documents. Sans-serif fonts do not have these lines and are easier to read on screens. Monospace fonts have characters with the same width.

Examples of Font Types Times New Roman and Georgia are examples of serif fonts, while Arial and Calibri represent sans-serif fonts. Courier New is an example of a monospace font.

Choosing Font Family for Websites 'Sans-serif' font family is preferred for websites as it provides better readability on screens compared to 'serif' font family.'

Using CSS Property: Font Family 'Font-family' property in CSS allows specifying the typeface or specific font for text content by using comma separators to define fallback options if a particular font is unavailable.

Including External Fonts from Google Fonts Collection 'Google Fonts' offers 915 different families that can be accessed online, providing access to various types of external web-safe custom typography beyond standard system-installed ones like Microsoft Word or Google Docs preloaded options.

Finding Fonts on Google Fonts Learn how to find and select fonts from the collection of 915 font families available on Google Fonts. Understand the importance of choosing suitable fonts for different website designs and customizing them according to your preferences.

Customizing Font Selections Explore the process of customizing selected fonts by adjusting bolding, weight, italics, size, and other settings. Emphasize the significance of not including unnecessary weights to maintain fast load times for websites.

Including Multiple Fonts in Web Design Discover best practices for including at least two fonts in web development projects - one for headings and another for text. Highlight the importance of selecting complementary or theme-fitting fonts while ensuring optimal website performance.

Choosing Fonts for Web Design In web development and design, it's common to use at least two fonts: one for headings and another for text. The goal is to find a font that complements the theme of the website without adding too many different weights.

Including External Fonts in Website "Now we're going through including external fonts by removing Arial font properties and setting up our website with these external fonts. We copy the link tag from Google Fonts and paste it above our stylesheet in the HTML document."

Using External Fonts Linking Google fonts in the HTML document and utilizing them in CSS to change the website's appearance by adding body font, title font, and subtitle font. Also, including a backup sans serif font for cases when Google servers are down or there is no internet connection.

Font Families and Fallbacks Explaining how different fonts have different families (e.g., Leto vs. sorrow boon) and demonstrating that fallback fonts should be included on every machine as a safety measure. Additionally, showing visual differences between serif and sans-serif fonts.

Transition to Layout Focus Introducing the transition from focusing on text manipulation with external fonts to CSS layout techniques which can significantly alter website appearance using new skills combined together effectively.

Website Transformation Challenge Learn how to change the shapes of boxes and layers on a website to improve its appearance. Explore layout features such as padding, border, and margin for moving content around and creating space between elements.

CSS Layout Focus Transition from coloring and text styling to using CSS skills for layouts. Prepare to delve into different layout methods like Flexbox and grid in upcoming videos.

Understanding the Box Model Learn about the box model in CSS and its layers: padding, border, and margin. Understand how these layers affect layout and spacing on a webpage.

Manipulating Box Model Layers Explore the concept of invisible boxes around elements with different layers (padding, border, margin) that can be manipulated to create space within or around content.

Shaping Content with Height & Width Use CSS properties like height and width to shape content. Learn about relative units for responsive design such as vw (viewport width) or percentage.

Understanding Flexbox Flexbox is a flexible layout concept in CSS that allows easy arrangement of items within a container. It consists of two components: the flex container and the flex items, which can be used to create responsive grids and layouts for websites.

Benefits of Flexbox Flexbox provides an alternative to traditional techniques like floats and displays, allowing for more efficient manipulation of website layout. It enables the creation of responsive grids, component layouts, and better positioning without using hacks like margin or padding.

Understanding Flexbox Flexbox is a powerful tool for creating responsive layouts. It allows you to define the minimum width of flex items using the flex basis property and distribute excess space among them using the flex grow property.

Responsive Design with Flex Grow The flex grow property determines how much extra space each item receives when there's room to spare. Setting it to 1 gives all items an equal share, while setting different values allocates more space to specific items.

Limiting Item Shrinkage with Flex Shrink The flex shrink property controls how much an item can shrink when there isn't enough space. By default, it's set to 1, allowing all items to equally reduce in size if needed.

Understanding Flex Shrink and Grow Learn how to manipulate the flex shrink property, set values for items, and understand the core concept of Flexbox.

Using Flex Property as a Streamlined Method Discover how to use the flex property as a shorthand method to summarize all three properties (flex grow, shrink, basis) into one simple property.

Aligning Individual Items with Align Self Property Explore align self property in order to align each individual item using special properties that override container alignment settings. Learn about its limitations and benefits.

'Grid' vs 'Flexbox': Understanding Layout Alternatives 'Grid' is introduced as an alternative layout feature focusing on both width and height compared to 'Flexbox', which mainly focuses on width. Understand their differences in functionality.

Creating Responsive Grid Layouts Learn about creating grid layouts by specifying rows/columns sizes using template columns/rows or shorthand methods like auto value. Explore manipulating item sizes based on growth/shrink rates.

Manipulating Item Sizes Using Lines Concept Understand how lines are used within grids for specifying start/end points of items along columns/rows. Discover shorthands such as span for easier manipulation of item sizes.

Animation Basics Learned about the basics of CSS animations, including keyframes and animation properties such as duration, timing function, delay, iteration count, direction.

Applying Animations Applied animations to elements using animation name property. Explored different styles for controlling the speed and direction of animations.

Learning Animation Properties Learned about animation properties in CSS, including values for animation name, duration, timing function or speed, delay, iteration count and direction. Also discussed the advantages of using shorthand over clunky properties.

Styling a Website Challenge Challenged to style an unstyled website from scratch using techniques learned in the course such as coloring layout grid Flexbox animations. Encouraged to share results with community and use Google if needed.

Importing Fonts & Color Scheme Downloaded/imported fonts (Lato and Roboto Condensed) for styling headers and text content. Created a color scheme consisting of dark blue/light blue/dark orange/light orange colors used throughout the website design.

Layout Setup Using Grid & Flexbox 'Set up main section' with 70% width column 'and sidebar' with 30% width column using CSS grid property; Used flex-wrap to create image grid; Center-aligned images within image grid; Resized images on hover effect by increasing height/width while maintaining aspect ratio