Key Features and Achievements of Ancient Civilizations Lothal was a significant site for the dockyards of the Indus Valley Civilization, known for its organized city life. The Alabat pillar inscription highlights Samudragupta's achievements, while Nalanda University in Bihar stands as one of India's oldest educational institutions. Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and delivered his first message at Sarnath; he passed away in Kushinagar. Early Buddhist scriptures were composed in Pali or Prakrit languages.
Cultural Contributions and Historical Events The Gupta era saw advancements like Kalidasa’s literary works during Chandragupta Vikramaditya's reign, with Fa-Hien visiting India then too. Kalinga War under Ashoka marked a shift to Buddhism influenced by Upagupta after witnessing war devastation. Mauryan rulers Bindusara sent Ashoka to quell rebellions; Megasthenes served as an ambassador during this dynasty period showcasing their governance structure.