What is Federalism? | Federalism: Definition and Features (Part-1) | Class 10 SST | Mission Midterm

The content introduces federalism by outlining its definition and highlighting its distinguishing features. An energetic and engaging tone sets the stage for exploring a system that distributes governing roles. The narrative builds anticipation for a closer look at the principles that structure shared political authority.

A comprehensive exploration of federalism begins by defining its meaning, establishing a clear foundation for the discussion. The roadmap then highlights the essential features and various types of federalism, outlining their unique characteristics. It further examines why India is recognized as a federal country and explains how its system operates in practice. This narrative interweaves theoretical principles with practical insights to create a cohesive introduction to federal governance.

India is organized into 28 states and 8 union territories, forming a unique blend of unity and regional autonomy. This structure fosters effective governance by respecting the distinct identities and needs of each region. The federal system is designed to balance centralized objectives with localized decision-making, ensuring that all parts of the country contribute to its overall progress.

Federalism divides power between a national authority and regional units, assigning broad, national interests to one and local, day-to-day matters to the other. The national government manages common issues across the country, while state or provincial governments handle local administration. This structure, exemplified by nations like the USA and Spain, ensures that both levels of government operate independently, in contrast to a centralized unitary system.

Unitary systems centralize power in a single central authority, with any subunits operating solely on delegated powers. Federal systems, however, establish two or more levels of government where state entities possess independent powers and cannot be commanded by the central authority. This distinction highlights unyielding central control in unitary models versus the autonomous operation of state governments in federal frameworks.

Federal systems are characterized by multiple levels of government that operate over the same group of citizens. Each level possesses its own jurisdiction over areas such as legislation, taxation, and administration as specified in the Constitution. The Constitution not only delineates these powers but also mandates that any fundamental changes require unanimous consent from all levels. Financial autonomy is secured through constitutionally prescribed revenue sources, while judicial review resolves any conflicts arising between the tiers.

Federalism defines a system in which power is divided between a central authority and distinct constituent units, forming multiple levels of governance. A federation typically operates with at least two tiers of government, highlighting a structured separation of powers. In addition, a set of seven features uniquely characterizes federal governments, illustrating their complex mechanisms. The overview invites reflection on the presence of such systems in different nations.

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