Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces L-1 | Refraction of Light | ICSE Class 10 Physics | Vedantu

Light refraction on plane surfaces is examined by explaining its fundamental nature and the reasons behind its occurrence. Essential principles such as the laws of refraction, refractive index, and the factors influencing the bending of light are introduced. Topics include the principle of reversibility, light behavior through prisms, distinctions between real and apparent depth, and the phenomena of the critical angle and total internal reflection. A motivational insight emphasizes that self-imposed barriers restrict progress, encouraging the pursuit of knowledge without limitations.

Light bends when it travels from one medium to another, such as air to water or glass, creating the optical phenomenon known as refraction. Everyday observations, like a pencil appearing bent in a glass of water, illustrate this effect even though the pencil remains straight. The change in light’s direction at the boundary between different mediums causes our eyes to trace a virtual image, misleading our perception of an object's position. This interplay of light and media reveals how natural laws can create optical illusions that challenge our understanding of what is real.

Light's Speed Variation Causes Light Bending Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different mediums, such as vacuum, air, water, and glass. As light moves from a less dense to a denser medium, its speed decreases and the ray bends toward the normal, the perpendicular to the surface. This change in speed is the fundamental reason for the bending of light rays, demonstrating that the phenomenon is rooted in physics rather than any mystical properties.

Path Adjustments at Media Boundaries When light transitions between two mediums, the incident ray (the incoming light) meets the surface at an angle and forms a refracted ray upon entering the new medium. In addition, light moving from a denser medium to a rarer one bends away from the normal, creating a shifted yet parallel emergent ray. If light strikes the surface perpendicularly, its path remains undeviated, emphasizing how the angle of incidence determines the bending behavior.

When light passes from a less dense medium to a denser one, it bends toward the normal. Conversely, traveling from a denser to a less dense medium causes the light to bend away from the normal. Light striking the surface at a 90-degree angle continues in a straight line, regardless of speed changes.

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When light transitions from a dense medium like glass to a rarer medium like air, its speed increases due to the lower optical density. Conversely, moving from water into glass slows light down and causes it to bend toward the normal, reflecting the influence of medium density on its path. A ray of light striking perpendicularly continues undeviated, maintaining its straight-line trajectory. The phenomenon of refraction arises solely from the change in light’s speed as it travels through different media.

Light refracts because its speed changes when it passes from one medium to another. A homework question examines a scenario where the incident ray and the emergency are dash to each other, inviting analytical responses. Engagement is fostered through calls for feedback, sharing, and further discussion.